Comparing Buddhism and Christianity Essay - 1410 Words

Comparing Buddhism and Christianity In the early sixth century Christianity was evolving at a rapid pace. The spread of Christianity was not only moving westward through Europe, but it was also moving eastward down the Silk Road. The eastward spread of Christianity was primarily a form of Christianity known as Nestorianism, after the teachings of Nestorius, a fifth century patriarch. By 635 Nestorian Christianity had reached the heart of China spreading through all of Persia and India. During the middle of the seventh century Nestorian churches were found in cities all along the Silk Road, though there were unquestionably many fewer Christians than Buddhists in Asia Up until the turn of the sixteenth century Christianity endured†¦show more content†¦The sutra explains that salvation could be gained by calling on the name of Amitabha with absolute faith in his vow of a pure land. It is said that with absolute faith in Amitabha he would appear at the time of death to lead the faithful to paradise or the pure la nd. In China the beginnings of the Pure Land Buddhism can be traced back as far as the fourth century. During the fourth century a well-known scholar named Hui-yuan formed a society of monks who meditated on the name of Amitabha. Hui-yuan a former Taoist promoted this school of Buddhism and in 402 AD he founded the Fellowship pf the White Lotus from which Pure Land School was developed. During the sixth and seventh centuries T’an-luan, Tao-ch’o and Shan-tao spread the sect of Pure Land Buddhism and are recognized as the first patriarchs of the school. Monks of the Tendai School later brought the Pure Land teaching to Japan. In 1133 AD Honen was born and at the early age of thirteen he was ordained as a Buddhist monk. Honen spent thirty year in training at the Tendai School on Mt. Hiei where he gained a large knowledge of all forms of Buddhism. At the age of forty Honen broke away from his Tendai teaching and began to write the foundations of Pure Land Buddhism. Honen completed his work in 1175 AD and began to preach the faith of Pure Land. As a result of Honen simple religion of hope he becameShow MoreRelatedEssay on Comparing Christianity and Buddhism1675 Words   |  7 PagesComparing Christianity and Buddhism The task at hand is quite impossible, especially in a ten-page paper. I am about to compare two entire religions, that is two entire belief systems that certain individuals have devoted their entire lives towards; that generations have sought to follow, further, and protect with their lives. I will attempt to do this, but please bear in mind that my personal views will inevitably surface to a great degree and I will be prone to taking sides. I believeRead More Comparing the Philosophy of Life in Christianity and Chinese Buddhism820 Words   |  4 PagesComparing the Philosophy of Life in Christianity and Chinese Buddhism Chinese Philosophy not only is the fruit of thinking of the Chinese nation, but also is the important component part of world culture. In Chinese philosophy, there are three main parts: Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Among them, Chinese Buddhism, which came from India, experienced a course of sinicization under the influence of Chinese traditional culture represented mainly by Confucianism and Taoism , so it keeps theRead MoreChristianity vs Buddhism923 Words   |  4 Pagestruths,† said by Muhammad Ali. Religion is the belief and reverence for a supernatural power and powers regarded as creator and governor of the universe (2003). The religions I’ve chose to compare and contrast would be non denomination/ Christianity and Buddhism. Each religion would be broken down by their religious belief, religious ritual, and religious experience. The definition of these religious things are: religious belief is a statement to which members of a particular religion adhere, rel igiousRead MoreChristianity Is Materialistic While Buddhism Is Philosophical.1517 Words   |  7 PagesChristianity is Materialistic while Buddhism is Philosophical Name of Student Institution Affiliation Abstract Christianity was started by Christ through his teachings on earth. Though the son of God, he was born in a humble home and started his ministry at thirty years of age. He was crucified and rose from the dead after which he instructed his disciples to spread his gospel to all parts of the world. Born Gautama Siddhartha, son of a king who hoped the prince would becomeRead MoreSimilarities Between Buddhism and Christianity814 Words   |  4 Pagesdetrimental influences of cultural globalization. It is generally acknowledged that Buddhism and Christianity are ancient and global religions; however, whether the belief in Buddhism is credible or not, has sparked spirited debate. The Christian believes the Buddha is a â€Å"shadow†, and he is not to be believed. Actually, there are some similarities in terms of histories, main figures, and beliefs between Buddhism and Christianity. In order to solve sources of conflict, the Buddhists and the Christians shouldRead MoreHealthcare Provider and Faith Diversity Essay1557 Words   |  7 Pagescare professional to respect and understand the ideals that affect our patients and their family members. In this paper we will compare the philosophies of three diverse faiths. The faiths chosen are Islam, Christian Science and Buddhism, and how they compare to Christianity. We will learn about basic beliefs, spiritual perspectives on healing, and the components of healing such as meditation, prayer and other rituals they follow. Furthermore, addressing the importance and perceptive of how to careRead MoreDevotion Is A Major Theme1608 Words   |  7 Pagessoul to the true teachings of the religion. Devotion in the religions of Christianity and Buddhism is very important, but what they devote their lives to, and how they devote themselves is what makes the religions different. In the religion Christianity, devotion is a major theme. In order to be a successful Christian, a person must devote himself or herself to God, loving others and to the law. To start off, in Christianity they must devote themselves to loving god in order to reach salvation. SalvationRead MoreBuddhism : Buddhism Vs. Christianity1247 Words   |  5 PagesRUNNING HEAD: Journey 3 Buddhism vs. Christianity Brianna M. Stutheit George Fox University We can define rituals as repeated actions that provides us with meaning and significance. Symbols are a small unit of a ritual. Both rituals and symbols play an active role in religion. According to Clifford Geertz, religion can be defined as â€Å"a system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, pervasive and long lasting moods and motivations in both men and women by formulating conceptions of generalRead MoreSimilarities Between Christianity And Christianity1220 Words   |  5 PagesWhen comparing two of the world’s largest and oldest religions, Buddhism and Christianity, it is easy to find similarities and differences, even when these two religions developed thousands of miles, and 500 years apart. Both of the religions developed as reforms to existing religions (Hinduism and Judaism respectfully). Both of these religions have their founder as its central figure. Yet these two religions are quite different in their ideas about life, death, the nature of man and th e natureRead MoreHinduism and Budhism: Two of the World ´s Largest Religions1201 Words   |  5 PagesHinduism and Buddhism. While some do not see these as extremely prominent, they are pinocle belief systems in the Asian continent, with over 1 billion followers all together. (Feldhaus) These two religions along with few other traditional Asian belief systems are very different from traditional western belief systems in ways of their origins, practices and philosophy.(Chen) What is it that makes these Asian religions different from western religions? What is similar and different in Buddhism and Hinduism

United States Government Welfare Essay - 1334 Words

United States Government Welfare began in the 1930’s during the Great Depression. Franklin D. Roosevelt thought of this system as an aid for low-income families whose men were off to war, or injured while at war. The welfare system proved to be beneficial early on by giving families temporary aid, just enough to help them accommodate their family’s needs. Fast forward almost 90 years, and it has become apparent that this one once helpful system, has become flawed. Welfare itself and the ideologies it stands on, contains decent fundamentals; furthermore, this system of aid needs only to be reformed to better meet the needs of today’s society. Following the Stock Market Crash of 1929, the United States fell into the worst economic†¦show more content†¦Many different programs were created, all of which were designed to provide Americans jobs, give temporary aid to the needy, and in a broad sense just get America out of the Great Depression. Welfare was implemented to provide temporary aid to the needy so that they could use such capital to get back on his/her feet and continue with a productive life (â€Å"Fix Welfare†). Welfare was accepted as a success and continued for almost sixty years. In the 1990’s Americans began to question the effectiveness of the government welfare system. In 1992, President Bill Clinton took office. One of his main problems to address while in office was the corrupted welfare system. After four years of brainstorming and planning, the United States Government decided upon how to eliminate the corrupted members of society from collecting government welfare. In 1996, the federal government came to the conclusion that the welfare system should be placed in the hands of the state governments. With this in mind, the Temporary Aid to Needy Families was established. The TANF is more governed towards getting people back into the workforce by requiring recipients to engage in job searches, and participate in community service. The previous phase of welfare was more for providing people with capital in the hopes that he/she would use it to get back on his/her feet. The TANF is still known as welfare to the public (â€Å"Government Spends†). In the new welfare program,Show MoreRelatedIs Our Government Family Friendly? The United States Welfare System1654 Words   |  7 PagesThe Welfare system in the United States began around the 1930s to help those in need. It was created for the unemployed and underemployed to use in helping out with the needs of their families. This original program lasted until 1996, when the federal government sto pped the federal aid to all poor and cut welfare to poor women with children. In 1996 the New Deal was created, and it created health and nutrition programs, minimum wage, subsidized housing, Aid to families with dependent childrenRead More Welfare Essay1456 Words   |  6 Pages Welfare, it is on just about everyones mind, whether it is Medicare or the A.F.D.C. Some believe there is too much and others think there is too little. As the years go by, the need for welfare reform increases. President Clinton had pledged in his 1992 campaign to quot;end welfare as we know itquot;. Only time will tell by what extremes welfare will change. As technology continues to increase and jobs continue to go overseas, the United States must decide what direction the welfare systemRead MoreA Single Payer Healthcare System1691 Words   |  7 Pagesright. Though not explicitly stated, it is a right that the United States recognizes in their Constitution. It is through exploring the foundation upon which the United States was built and describing the current healthcare system, that I will advocate for adopting a single-payer healthcare system in the United States. Signed on September 17th, 1787, the preamble of the United States Constitution declares, â€Å"we the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justiceRead MoreWelfare Reform : The United States1457 Words   |  6 PagesWelfare Welfare s purpose should be to eliminate, as far as possible, the need for its own existence. Ronald Reagan said this statement on January of 1970 when the Los Angeles Times interviewed him (Williamson). Federal government funded welfare in the United States started in the 1930s during the Great Depression. Because of the vast numbers of people out of work and with insufficient funds to buy food for their families, President Franklin D. Roosevelt approved a program to giveRead MoreWelfare to Work Programs Essays932 Words   |  4 PagesThe worth of a society is often based on the monetary network of individuals. Moreover, in the United States this is the norm to focus on individual responsibility. However, every society is faced with the conflict of poverty that requires some type of social welfare policy. Poverty is not a stranger to the United States and therefore it created program such as welfare to assist the poor. The welfare system has evolved over the years sometime for the good and others for the bad. In 1996, PresidentRead MoreWelfare Reform : The United States1435 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Security Act, sending the United States onto the historically unprecedented path of the welfare of the welfare state. In the wake of his footsteps, aggressive expansion has grown welfare programs to include everything from Medicare to food stamps. Many would say that the US government is not only obligated morally to provide welfare but also that it provides extensive societal economic windfalls. However, critics of welfare argue that the flaws of the US welfare system and its runaway natureRead MoreThe Issue Of Child Welfare Essay1735 Words   |  7 PagesChild welfare is an issue that is vastly debated today in the United States. Regardless of party lines, socioeconomics, gender, religion, or race, it seems like everyone has a stake in shaping this issue. As such, progression in policy can be difficult and is often controversial. Throughout the 1900s, the United States Supreme Court heard and decided several cases that set forth precedent, giving more power to, and enabling, parents to raise their children as they see fit. As constituents, parentsRead MoreWelfare Of The United States998 Words   |  4 PagesWelfare is a subject of debate in the United States because everyone has a different point of view when it comes to the Social Security Act. On one side the rich may feel that the government takes from the rich, and gives to the poor. The poor on the other hand may believe that they are being forgotten and not helped enough by the government. Are the government financial assistance programs really working and helping people climb out of poverty or are they creating lazy people who depend on governmentRead MoreEssay on Welfare Reform1372 Words   |  6 PagesWelfare Reform Look at our nation! We have industrial technology, an education system, advanced health care, a banking system, plenty of food available and so much more that is easily accessible. If all this is available to everyone, why are there people that dont have places to sleep and things to eat? The fact that the United States is a rich country is the key reason why people, that are willing, will never starve or go without having shelter. The biggest objection that people have withRead More Social Welfare Past and Present Essay1325 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Welfare Past and Present Social welfare is an expansive system proposed to maintain the well being of individuals within a society. This paper will explain the progression from the feudal system and church provisions for the poor before the Elizabethan Poor Law to the gradual assumption of the responsibility for the poor by the government. A responsibility assumed not out of humanity and concern for the poor, but as a process of standardizing the ways in which the poor were to be managed

Role of Media in Society Today Free Essays

Media certainly plays a vital role in advertising of anything what so ever to the general public. It is simply the media which brings out the commodities, new cars, new products, new inventions, and new designs of simply anything, new ideas, and new technology to the people Even though there are a lot of different kinds of Medias but television no doubt is the most powerful media present today. There is no doubt that the inventions of television in the human lives have changed everything around us. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Media in Society Today or any similar topic only for you Order Now Communications have been made easier due to these Medias like Radio, television, newspapers and many more. If we simply talk about television as a whole, it would certainly not be wrong to say that television plays a vital role in our lives today. Television has become a necessity, rather than a luxury in almost every part of the world. It is undoubtfully true that today we would see television in simply every home. Even though there are merits as well as demerit of this media. Nowadays television channels and newspapers are busy making money by giving out wrong kind of information to the general public. Making money has simply become top most priority of the people engaged in this media business. They simply think that this way they would become more popular .As indicated earlier, that everyone simply watches television, simply because of the fact that it provides a lot of entertainment although, it is a common thought that the television only offers all types of   dramas, soaps, advertising, and the news. So we could say that due to the reason that this particular media. Has got a lot of viewers on the whole. Children undoubtfully watch a lot of television and according to one of the survey report they spent a lot more time watching television than they spend in their classrooms.   Thus lot viewers mean that this is simply the best media for advertising. As it is that not only the children watch television extensively but also the adults. This has been the reason that advertising is also done extensively on this media.(n.p,n.d} Nowadays shopping is also done through television. within minutes with the help of credit cards without roaming in the rush of shopping malls, which has been greatly appreciated by the female populace of the globe. Thus, television has become a matter of just fingertips, and has promoted, as well as, assisted the humans in achieving a better and improved place in their lives. This way a lot of time is also stopped from being wasted for going to the shopping malls and a person could simply shop at home. Apart from advantages of this media there are a lot of demerits of watching television for example we could say that at times it does happens that what is shown on the television is not what it basically is. when the product is bought on the credit card after watching the advertisement reaches the customer ,the customer does not wants to have it because what was so attractive ,did not appear to be when it got in the hands of the customer. Due to this reason also a lot of people hesitate from buying after watching television ads .But still there are many more that prefer from buying like this because it wastes no time. For the most part the television is found to be very entertaining. People watch television shows they enjoy and find entertaining. Television does not only provide entertainment only for adults but also for the babies. TELEVISION AND ADVERTISING As indicated that even the children of all ages watches television thus a lot of products like candies, different kinds of chocolated, different kinds of outlets for children, toys ,cloths are also advertised on television so the children could also watch and ask their parents to buy it for them.   At the same time there are also a lot of disadvantages of watching television This is also a fact that when people men and women watches television and look at the slim, smart looking people they feel as if they are unhealthy and are not fit .Due to this reason they do not eat well and start to take medicines which is of course not correct. Escaping the media and their influence is impossible. Everywhere one turns, a different form of the media is conveying a message to the world about what normalcy is and/or should be. As Douglas Kellner, author of Cultural Studies, Multiculturalism and Media Culture writes, they provide materials out of which we forge our very identities, our sense of selfhood; our notion of what it means to be male or female† this is true that there is so much going on and so much to look at that it just becomes impossible not to take notice of the messages that the media is passing on to us. The influence of media in society has effects on various age groups As we know that the advertising is done for different age groups so the effect is also on the different group of people. Media’s influence on society is so great that it clearly has the ability to mould our world through its distribution of information. Media can be of any kind it is a fact that people are attracted to it; it is just like a cyclone which takes in everyone who is in its reach. CONCLUSION Earlier when the media was not as it is today, newspapers and radio were the greatest and most reliable source of information in the world to bring people’s attention to different things. But that was long time back .Today the strongest media is television and one of the most reliable too. As it is that it reaches simply everyone .People of all ages, casts, class and religion.. One of the advantages of the television is its reliability, as the information on the television is updated within seconds. Businesspersons can be informed of latest foreign exchange rates and products that would be in trend in the near future. The term ‘television’ is used not only for an electronic box that provides a transmission by receiving and sending particular images and sounds within a distance; however, a new commercial world of entertainment and technology has been emerged through this idiot box. Works Cited Les Brown. (1973). Television. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich: USA. Marry Ellen Brown. (1990). Television and Women’s Culture. Currency Press: USA. R. W. Burns. (1998). Television. IET: Texas, USA. Richard Collins. (1990). Television. Routledge: UK. Toby Miller. (2003). Television. Taylor Francis: New York, USA. Vldamir Kosma Zworykin. (1954). Television. J. Wiley: New York, USA.    How to cite Role of Media in Society Today, Essay examples

Briefing Paper free essay sample

Briefing Paper on the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006 (R. A. 9344) The enactment in 2006 of the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act (also known as Republic Act 9344) was a progressive step towards a more restorative and child-oriented juvenile justice system. It is in consonance with the United Nations Convention on the Right of the Child (UN CRC) when promoting the child? s reintegration and constructive role in society. The old and stigmatizing terminologies as â€Å"youthful offender† was changed in accordance with international laws and guidelines to â€Å"child in conflict with law†(CICL) to avoid labeling – which only contributes to the development of a consistent pattern of undesirable behavior. RA 9344 acknowledges the fact that most of the CICL have no proof of age by presuming minority until otherwise proven. The Act says that children 15 years of age and under are exempt from criminal liability and those above 15 (plus one day) and below 18 years of age are exempt unless they act with discernment -which is defined as the mental capacity to understand the difference between right and wrong and its consequences. We will write a custom essay sample on Briefing Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A CICL who is 15 years or younger may be held civilly liable and has to undergo an intervention program, same as children that are above 15 years and below 18 years and acted without discernment. Children above 15 and below 18 years old who have committed a crime – with discernment – punishable with not more than 12 years of imprisonment shall undergo diversion. Detention should only be considered as a last resort and only for the shortest appropriate period. It should always be in youth detention homes. If a child is under 18 years old during the time of commission and found guilty of the crime the judgments will not be pronouncedyet and the sentence will be suspended – but not without limits. RA 9344 decriminalizes offences, which discriminates only against a child as curfew violations, truancy and parental disobedience and exempts children from crimes of vagrancy, prostitution, mendicancy and sniffing rugby. The implementation of the law relies in many aspects on the local government units. They also are mandated to formulate a Comprehensive Juvenile Intervention Program. To be in accordance with the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), to which the Republic of the Philippines has acceded to by signature and ratification, the principles of â€Å"the best interest of the child† (Art 3), â€Å"non-discrimination† (Art 2), the â€Å"right to life and maximum survival and development† (Art 6) and â€Å"respect for the child? s evolving capacities† (Art 5) have to be followed when setting the age of criminal liability. Similarly, Rule 4 of the Beijing Rules by the Committee on the Rights of the Child urges that the absolute minimum age should be 12 years and to further increase it to a higher age level and not to lower it. The Committee argues that there should be a close relationship between the responsibility for criminal behavior and social rights as marital status and civil majority. It also recommends not setting a lower level for serious offences than for other crimes. RA 9344 leads to the conclusion that it is considerable compliant with the CRC if implemented correctly.

Hockey Essays - Ice Hockey Equipment, Hockey Stick, Hockey, Stick

Hockey Hockey is one of the most watched and now most played sports in the world. It is also, one of the most expensive, when it comes to buying equipment. Hockey players wear lots of equipment. This equipment is a shoulder pad, helmet, shin guards, hockey pants, a cup, elbow pads, gloves, skates, and use a hockey stick to play the game. The hockey stick is the most rebought piece of equipment you use. There are even three different types of hockey sticks. These are wood, graphite, and aluminum. Wood was the first ever stick used and now is probably the least stick used. Wood is the cheapest stick you could probably find, when it comes to buying a hockey stick. You won't find anything cheaper then a new wooden stick, unless it's on sale. The wooden stick is the heaviest of all the hockey sticks. It is the only full solid material stick, with nothing replaceable on it. Meaning the shaft and blade of the stick is one whole piece. A wooden stick is the one stick that has the best chance of not breaking on you. You could have the same stick for years. This is because of its weight and it being that the stick is one whole piece. The next type of stick is made out of graphite. This stick is no doubt the most expensive and most used stick. It is the most expensive, because of the material it is made of. A graphite stick is very light. This is because it has a hallowed out shaft and thin fiberglass-wooden blade. There is a down point to this great stick. Beside its price, it is not the most durable. It could be the most unbreakable stick, because of the material the shaft is made of, but the blade of the stick is easy to break. The blade probably breaks so easily, because it is detachable from the rest of the stick. A replaceable blade cost about the same price as a full wooden stick. The last type of stick is made of aluminum. This stick is in the cheap and expensive category when looking to purchase an aluminum stick. It might be, because of the material and it's lightweight. The stick is made of thin aluminum and it is hallowed out like the graphite stick. This is why aluminum sticks are the lightest stick you can find. It's thin aluminum shaft and replaceable wooden blade. Is the reason why it is the most breakable stick you can buy. Because of it's thin hallowing frame for easy flexibility is the reason why this stick is a best buy to some. To conclude this information, buy a stick for its capability and comfort. Instead of it's looks and price, or name brand. If you do you might end up with a stick that is the right size for you. Nomatter if it is wooden, graphite, or aluminum. English Essays

Million Doolar Baby Film Ananlysis On Class essays

Million Doolar Baby Film Ananlysis On Class essays The film industry is among many influences that contribute to class stereotyping in society. Since its inception, the cinema has inserted itself so much into viewers collective consciousness that it now has the power and ability to influence the way in which they think about society with its onscreen portrayal of characters and social groups. These influences depict social groups with a few predetermined and unchanging attributes. In Million Dollar Baby, Clint Eastwood displays stereotypical representations of low-class citizens from the American South. These characters are typically viewed as lacking refinement, people skills, education and an overall knowledge of the world and its culture. Through a comprehensive analysis of Million Dollar Baby, the different stereotypical generalizations and classifications of the depicted economic class structure will be identified and assessed. As well, an examination of the ideological messages transmitted on the construction of the socia l identity of the characters. Popular film is a powerful force. It has the ability to illustrate and give the illusion of false realities in life. Motion pictures have the capability of showing and teaching us about different groups and classes we are not apart of. According to Langston, class is something that you are born into, class is your understanding of the world and where you fit in; its composed of the ideas, behaviors, attitudes, values, and languages; class is how you think, feel, act, look, dress, talk, move and walk; ... (pg98, Holtzman). These ideas of class gives individuals a social ranking based on their socioeconomic position. Million dollar Baby essentially revolves around and depicts the lives of the working class citizen, which can be further be broken down into upper and lower working class. For the most part, the majority of the characters in the film are apart of the lower working class ...

Performance Analysis and Improvement in Sports Development and Assignment - 1

Performance Analysis and Improvement in Sports Development and Coaching - Assignment Example That is where the relatively new performance analysis discipline comes in. Well known over the last decade and made possible by digital photography and advances in IT, (PA) performance analysis is now recognized as an assistance to performance improvement at every level (Jones, Hughes and Kingston, 2009). Essentially, performance analysis is about forming a reliable and a valid performance record by systematic observations’ means that can be examined with regard to facilitating modification. Alike methods are used by the two disciplines in data collection and both depend on IT for data examination. However, the most salient thing they commonly have is measured observation use after or during an event to enumerate performance in a valid, reliable and accurate way (Hylton and Bramham, 2007). Trainers may desire to question Performance Analysis’ need as an isolated activity, given that analysis and observation clearly create a crucial component of the process of coaching as outlined in example 1 below. The actuality is though that even as trainers are likely to be experts at analyzing and observing performance, the study has pointed to harsh human limitations contained by these processes. Two significant studies have drawn attention to problems on memory retention, with trainers able to remember only 30-50 percent of principal performance issues they had observed, even with exceptional observational training (Hughes and Franks, 2004). The process of coaching itself is not flawed necessarily, but it is apparent that the analysis phases and observation of this procedure have severe restrictions. Although several skilled trainers are capable of anticipating events and make suitable changes for performance influences, even the finest are prone to human mistake, leading to incorrect decisions; hence the requirement for an organized PA approach within the practice of coaching, use of valid and dependable performance data to evaluate and monitor performers.  

Engineering and Construction Issues that Surrounded the Three Gorges Essay

Engineering and Construction Issues that Surrounded the Three Gorges Project - Essay Example Riddled with massive corruption that even worsened the environmental hazards tied to the project, the Three Gorges projects holds the world record for the number of people displaced (Shu, 2012 pg. 14). The most damning yet unthinkable reality is the number of people displaced during the construction of the Dam. From the onset, the dam was intended to be a massive project, little was it known that the effects will be enormous as well. According to available statistics, close to 1.2 million people were ejected out of their dwellings to give room for the project. As if not enough, several cities, towns and villages were flooded. As such, the project led to unimaginable levels of human rights violations. Moreover, the environmental impacts of this initially heroic undertaking are incredible. To make the situation even worse, the environmental effects of this project may continue into the unforeseen future if measures are not taken to mitigate them. As the dam transforms the landscape of the area, so are the weather pattern and ultimately, the climatic conditions. Precisely, while the erosion is likely to cause landslides, the weight of water in the reservoir is likely to cause reservoir-induced seismicity. Also, the model of this dam is likely to develop complications in future, which may in turn add more trouble to the existing string of trouble for the locals. As much as the effects may be blamed on corruption and the engineers, it is also certain that the size of this project may have significantly contributed to the current predicaments facing the dam. Up until now, more and more controversies spring up from engineers concerning the model of the Three Gorges Dam, which, unfortunately, is already being replicated by the Chinese engineers world-over.  

Government re-investment of tax revenue and the impact on Income Research Paper

Government re-investment of tax revenue and the impact on Income inequality - Research Paper Example Where merchandise have a low versatility of interest (they are cost inelastic), an increment in tax or debt will prompt a little lessening sought after insufficient to counterbalance the higher duty gathered from every unit. Several studies have focused on the effects of changing tax rates and tax revenues available for reinvestment on the income inequality. While there is most likely, a tax reform can affect financial decisions, it is in no way, form self-evident, that tax rate slices will at last prompt a bigger economy. Feenberg and Poterba (145-177) mentioned that while the rate cuts would raise the after-tax form to working, sparing, and contributing, they would likewise raise the after-expense wage individuals get from their current level of exercises, which decreases their need to work, spare, and contribute. The main impact ordinarily raises financial movement (through alleged substitution impacts), while the second affect regularly diminishes it (through purported pay impacts) (Burtless & Hausman 1103-1130; Diamond 83-95). Moreover, on the off chance that they are not financed by using cuts, tax breaks will prompt an increment in government acquiring, which thusly, will further decrease long haul development. The chronicled proof and reenactment investigation is steady with the thought that tax reductions that are not financed by quick using cuts will have minimal positive effect on development (Feldstein 28-43). Tax reform is more mind boggling, as it includes tax rate cuts and additionally base-expanding changes. Feldstein (551-572) alleged that there is a hypothetical assumption that such changes ought to raise the general size of the economy in the long haul; however, the impact and greatness of the effect are liable to impressive instability. Kaplan et al (999-1003) added that one reality that regularly escapes unnoticed is that growing the tax base by lessening or disposing of duty consumptions

Nebulized L-epinephrine in Post -Bronchoscopy Croup

Nebulized L-epinephrine in Post -Bronchoscopy Croup Safety and Efficacy of Nebulized L-epinephrine in Post -Bronchoscopy Croup in Children, Anesthesia Consideration Dr Asma Aref Idamat, Pharmacist Dr Hussein Khraysha, Senior Specialist Anesthetist Dr Najeh Alomari, Consultant Pediatric Surgeon Amman-Jordan ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of bronchodilator effect of nebulized epinephrine post bronchoscopy in children and to compare the effectiveness and side effects of nebulized L-epinephrine (NLE) 1/1000 at a dose of 0.1 mL/kg versus 0.5 mL/kg in the treatment of post-bronchoscopy croup and upper airway obstruction . MATERIAL AND METHOD: Between April1998 and April 2002, 120 children, who developed signs and symptoms of upper airway obstruction (UAO) after bronchoscopy, were randomized to receive either 0.1 mL/kg or 0.5 mL/kg of nebulized L-epinephrine (NLE). Age group ranged from 4months to 14 years, mean of 4.6 years, male /female ratio 4:1. UAO scores, vital signs (VS) ,oxygen saturation (O2 Sat)and side effects if present were recorded before ,at 15 minutes , 35 minutes and 45 minutes after the treatment. The treatment was accomplished in the recovery room under the care of the anesthetist and pediatric surgeon. All patients were reviewed carefully prior to discharge from recovery room. RESULTS: Sixty children were allocated to the 0.1mL/kg (NLE) and sixty children to the 0.5 mL/kg (NLE).. The (NLE) was mixed with 2ml of normal saline. Both groups showed improvements in UAO scores and Oxygen saturation over time. There were no significant differences in UAO scores and VS between the groups at all time points. There were no side effects of epinephrine during the observation. CONCLUSION: The administration of nebulized L-epinephrine is safe and effective in reliving croup and upper airway obstruction (UAO) post-bronchoscopy in children. NLE at the dose of 0.1 mL/kg results in similar improvements in the UAO scores, compared with the dose of 0.5 mL/kg. No complications were seen in either dose and we recommend the routine use of 0.1ml/kg (NLE) post –bronchoscopy in children. Key words: Bronchoscopy, Bronchodilators, L-adrenaline, croup, children Introduction Croup or subglottic edema post bronchoscopy and post intubation is a well known entity. Children are more vulnerable to develop croup after such procedures than adults due to well known differences in the anatomy of upper airway and tracheo-bronchial tree with narrower laryngeal and tracheal lumens with the result of obstruction more readily by to mucosal edema due to different causes, like viral and bacterial infections as well as allergic manifestations. The narrowest part of upper airway is that at the level of cricoid cartilage which makes the internal tracheal injury by endo tracheal tube or bronchoscope sheath more prone at the narrow subglottic area even after easily passage through the vocal cords. Bronchoscopic removal of aspirated foreign bodies in children is a common procedure in Jordan and many other countries worldwide. The procedure is performed under general anesthesia using rigid bronchoscopic device through which the ventilation is maintained. Foreign bodies are usu ally successfully removed using forceps, wash out with saline and suction tube. In many cases repeated bronchoscopic intubation may be necessary to assure complete removal of foreign bodies with the result of significant irritation and edema to the tracheo-bronchial tree with the sequel of croup, wheezy chest and features of upper airway obstruction (UAO) which may lead to significant morbidity and prolonged hospitalization. The incidence of post intubation croup in children was reported to be between 1 to 6 % (1,2). The medical treatment of postintubation croup is the same as that for infectious croup, including corticosteroids and nebulized epinephrine. The vasoconstrictive effect of epinephrine decreases the degree of subglottic edema, resulting in clinical improvement. Traditionally recemic epinephrine has been used as a non-selective adrenergic agonist of choice in children due to its supposedly fewer side effects than the more active and more readily available natural laevorot atory form of epinephrine. However, there seems to be no pharmacological basis for this belief (3-5) and subsequent trials have shown the L-epinephrine which we use for resuscitation, to be safe and effective in both infectious and postintubation croup(6,7). In addition, L-epinephrine is readily available in all countries while racemic epinephrine is not. Even in countries where both forms are available the racemic form is much more expensive(8 ).It was noted that the doses of L-epinephrine used in those trials were 2.5 and 5 mL of 1:1000 solution for all recruited children, regardless of weight. As a result, the dose of L-epinephrine in the treatment of croup has been suggested to be 0.5 mL/kg, with a maximum dose of 2.5 mL and 5 mL for children younger and older than 4 years, respectively (9). So far there have been very few reports that have studied the efficacy L- epinephrine in the management of post bronchoscpy croup and (UAO) in children. This study was designed for tow purpo ses of: (a) ascertaining the effectiveness of L-epinephrine in the management of croup and weezy chest post bronchoscpy in children or not; and (b) comparing the efficacy of a nebulized L-epinephrine at the dose of 0.1ml/kg versus 0.5ml/kg for the treatment of the above conditions and finally to recommend the routine use of L-epinephrine at the dose of 0.1ml/kg as protocole for the management croup and (UAO) post bronchoscopy in Children Material and Methods Between April1998 and April 2002, 120 children, who developed signs and symptoms of upper airway obstruction (UAO) after bronchoscopy such as severe irritative cough, wheezy chest, stridor and hoarseness of voice were randomized to receive either 0.1 mL/kg or 0.5 mL/kg of nebulized L-epinephrine (NLE) with maximum of 2mL for patients below 5 years of age and 4mL for patients above 5 years of age. Two mL of normal saline were added to the dose of L-epinephrine. Age group ranged from 4months to 14 years, mean of 4.6 years, male /female ratio 4:1. We used L-epinephrine because racemic epinephrine in not available in our hospital and it is expensive. The treatment was accomplished in the recovery room under the care of the anesthetist and pediatric surgeon using facemask with 100% oxygen at 6 liters/minute. The main parameter that evaluated was the change of the (UAO) scores (Table 1) and the other parameters that evaluated were changes in the respiratory rate, heart rate, blood pressure and oxygen saturation observed by pulse oxymeter. All parameters were evaluated at 15 minutes, 35 minutes and 45 minutes after the treatment, side effects of nebulized epinephrine, if present such as tremor, arrhythmia, and pallor were recorded at the same time. The management was repeated after 2 hours whenever clinically indicated if the results were not satisfactory. All patients were reviewed carefully prior to discharge from recovery room. RESULTS One hundred and twenty children post bronchoscopy for foreign body aspiration (FBA) were enrolled in this study. Sixty children were allocated to the 0.1mg/kg (NLE) and sixty children to the 0.5 mL/kg (NLE). The (NLE) was mixed with 2ml of normal saline. Both groups had the same baseline characteristics (Table 2) and both groups had initially moderate upper airway obstruction. Both groups showed clinically significant improvements and reduction in UAO scores and Oxygen saturation at 15, 35 and 45 minutes(Table 3) compared to that prior to (NLE) at time 0. There were no significant differences in UAO scores and VS between the groups at all time points and none required immediate intubation or re-bronchoscopy. Side effects of epinephrine including pallor, arrhythmia and tremor were not observed. Table 1: Upper airway obstruction score (15)** Score 0 1 2 Cough Stridor Retraction Inspiratory breath sounds Cyanosis* None None None Normal None Hoarse cry Inspiratory Suprasternal Harsh with rhonchi In room air Bark Inspiratory +expiratory Suprasternal+ substernal +intercostal Delayed In 40% oxygen *Cyanosis was modified and defined as oxygen saturation ** Downes JJ, Raphaely RC. Pediatric intensive care. Anesthesiology 1975; 43: 238-50. Table 2: Patient characteristics of our study groups 0.1mL/kg 0.5mL/kg Number of patients 60 60 Mean age (years) 3.4 5.8 Gender (M/F ratio) 4:1 4:1 UAO score immediately after bronchoscopy ( Mild ( Moderate 4-7) n, % (Severe > 7) n, % 12 (20%) 42 (70%) 6 (10%) 15 (25%) 38 (63.33%) 7 (11.66%) Table 3: The outcome variables in our study groups Time Time 0 15 Minutes 35 Minutes Nebulized L-epinephrine / Dose Number of patients 0.1mL/kg 0.5mL/kg 60 60 0.1mL/kg 0.5mL/kg 60 60 0.1mL/kg 0.5mL/kg 60 60 Upper airway obstruction score (Mean) 5 (1-8) 5 (1-7) 3 (1-6) 2 (0-5) 2 (0-5) 1.4 (0-5) Respiratory rate/minute (Mean) 28 30 32 33 29 28 Heart rate /minute (Mean) 126 128 130 128 125 123 Systolic blood pressure :mmHg (Mean) 95 100 102 106 97 103 Diastolic blood pressure: mmHg (Mean) 55 61 58 63 56 62 Oxygen saturation % (Mean) 93 94 96 97 98 98 Discussion Post bronchoscopy croup and respiratory distress is know entity in pediatric age group, especially when there is a need for repeated bronchoscopic trials for retrieval of long standing foreign bodies. In such conditions, severe inflammatory process of tracheo-bronchial tree is almost present from certain foreign bodies like peanut and other seeds that elaborate severe irritative substances leading to infection and granulation of bronchial tree that aggravate the respiratory distress, bronchospasm and croup post bronchoscopy. The main aim of the clinician in such conditions is to provide relief of respiratory distress by decreasing upper airway irritation and improving air entry. The present study has attempted to verify the safety and efficacy of bronchodilator effect of (NLE) and to prove that a dose of 0.1mL/kg is at least as effective as the dose of 0.5mL/kg in the treatment of croup and (UAO) post bronchoscopy in children. Many studies have tested the value of racemic epinephrine compared to placebo (10) and to nebulized salbutamol (11-13) and the results showed superior value of racemic epinephrine in the treatment of bronchiolitis. It seems no pharmacological basis for the belief that racemic epinephrine is safer than L-epinephrine (3-5) and racemic epinephrine is not available in Jordan and is thus difficult to obtain and expensive, making L-epinephrine a more viable option. Sumboonnanonda (14) used (NLE) at the dose 0.05mL/kg (maximum 0.5mL) in the treatment of infectious croup. They found a clinically significant improvement in (UAO) scores at 24 and 48 hours after admission, even in the placebo group without dexamethasone treatment .The present study found similar results at average 30 minutes in children with post-bronchoscopy croup and wheezy chest. The maximum dose of (NLE) in this study was 2mL for patients less than 5 years of age and 4mL for patients more than 5 years. In our study we confirmed the safety and efficacy of (NLE) in the treatment o f post intubation croup (6) and infectious croup (7), when Nutman (6) used 0.25mL of 1% L-epinephrine (2.5mg) regardless the weight, for children post-intubation croup and found significant reduction of stridor score within 20 minutes, the same we observed in our study which continued at least over the next 4 hours post –bronchoscopy. Waisman (7) used 5mL of 1/1000 L-epinephrine (5mg), regardless the weight, in children with infectious croup when he found a significant reduction of croup score, reaching its maximum at 30 minutes. The majority of our patients required one section of (NLE) to achieve these results and in very few of them who had long standing foreign bodies and repeated trials of bronchoscopy and bronchial wash out, another session of (NLE) required over 24 hours on 6 hourly interval. The present results suggest that nebulized L-epinephrine, at a minimal dose of 0.1 mL/kg, is at least as effective as the dose of 0.5 mL/kg in the treatment of post-bronchoscopy c roup. Both doses temporarily alleviated airway obstruction without undesirable side effects. The dose of 0.1 mL/kg is much less expensive. We would suggest that the dose of 0.1 mL/kg is also efficacious in the treatment of children with post-bronchoscopy croup. This dose may be adequate to diminish mucosal edema of the upper airway by stimulating alpha-adrenergic receptors and producing vasoconstriction (4). In conclusion, the presented data suggest that administration (NLE), at the dose of 0.1 mL/kg is safe and effective and results in a similar reduction in upper airway obstruction scores, compared with the dose of 0.5 mL/kg, in children with post-bronchoscopy croup. Neither dose was associated with any adverse side effects and we recommend the routine use of 0.1mL/kg (NLE) post –bronchoscopy in children. Taking in consideration the comparable efficacy of both doses, the use of a small dose in clinical practice would save the medication expense and, theoretically, have a lower risk of developing side effects that are mostly dose dependent. Future studies should consider the use of (NLE) at the dose of 0.1 mL/kg in children with post bronchoscopy croup, which has a pathophysiology resembling infectious croup. Further studies examining the optimal dose and frequency of (NLE) in children with croup due to different pathologies including post-bronchoscopy croup seem warranted. Acknowledgment to DR Mohamad Al-Sukar, Chair of Anesthesia Department –Royal Medical Services,Dr Kassem Khamaeseh,MD, Anesthesia Intensive care for their support and review of this manuscript. References 1. Borland LM, Colligan J, Brandom B.W. J Clin Anesthesia Koba BV, Jeon IS, Andre JM, MacKay I, Smith RM. Postintubation croup in children. Anesth Analg 1977; 56:501-5 Holbrook PR, Issues in airway management -1988. Critical Care Clin 1988;4:789-802 Remington S, Meakin G. Nebulized adrenaline 1/1000 in the treatment of croup. Anesthesia 1986;41:923-946 Tabachilk E, Livensopn H. Clinical application of aerosols in pediatrics. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;122:97-103 Waisman Y, Klein BL, Boeinning DA, Young GM, Chamberlain JM, O’Donnell R, et al . Prospective randomized double-blind study comparing L-epinephrine and racemic epinephrine aerosol in the treatment of laryngotracheitis (croup). Pediatrics 1992;89:302-6 Nutman J, Brooks LJ, Deakin KM, Baldesare KK, Witte MK, Reed MD. Racemic versus L-epinephrine aerosol in the treatment of postextubation laryngeal edema : Results from a prospective ,randomized double-blind study .Crit Care Med 1994;22:1591-4 Menon K, Sutcliffe T, Klassen TP. A randomized trial comparing the efficacy of epinephrine with salbutamol in the treatment of acute bronchiolitis. J Pediatr 1995;126:1004-1007 Siberry GK, Lannone R. The Harriet Lane Handbook 15th Edition .St Louis : Mosby-Year book,2000:705-6 Kristjansson S, Lodrup KC, Wennegren G, Strannegard I-L, Carlsen KH. Nebulized racemic adrenaline in the treatment of acute bronchiolitis in infants and toddlers. Arch Dis Child 1993;69:650-54 Wennegren G, Holmgren D, Engstrom I, Sten G, Bjure J. Using transcutaneous blood gases to evaluate treatment effects on acute asthma in young children. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1988;48(supp 189:41-44 Sanchez I, Dekoster J, Powell RE, Walstein R, Chernik V, Effect of racemic epinephrine and salbutamol on clinical score and pulmonary mechanics in infant with bronchiolitis . J Pediatr 1993;122:145-151 Reijonen T, Korpi M, Pitkakangas S, Tehhola S, Kyllikki R. The clinical efficacy of nebulized racemic epinephrine and albuterol in acute bronchiolitis. Arch Pediatr Adolosc Med 1995;149:686-692 Sumboonnanonda A, Suwanjutha S, Sirinavin S. Randomized controlled trial of dexamethasone in infectious croup. J Med Assoc Thai 1997;80:262-5 Downes JJ, Raphaely RC. Pediatric intensive care. Anesthesiology 1975; 43: 238-50.

Euthanasia Needs to be a Legal Option Essay -- Argumentative Persuasiv

Euthanasia Needs to be a Legal Option    "Warren Hauser is dying. Should the Supreme Court decide that terminally ill Americans have a constitutional right to commit suicide with a doctor's help, he would qualify. Emphysema and valvular heart disease have left him debilitated and physically dependent" (Byock). For terminally ill patients like Warren, where death is inevitable and would be less painful than living, euthanasia should be a legal option. Euthanasia is Greek for "easy or happy death" and implies measures deliberately taken by a physician to curtail pain and suffering. This concept has been enlarged to include such action in incurable diseases, especially those in which the patient must endure torment and extreme pain and/or is terminally ill ("Euthanasia"). Euthanasia is the intentional killing by act or omission of a dependent human being for their alleged benefit. If the death is not intended, it is not an act of euthanasia, so the key word is "intentional." Assisted suicide is when a person provides an individual with the information, guidance, and means to take their own life. When a doctor helps them take their life, it is labeled physician-assisted suicide. However, there is no euthanasia if what was or sometimes was not done does not intentionally cause the death. In some cases, medical actions are labeled "passive euthanasia" since the intention of taking life is lacking. Active euthanasia is intentionally cau sing a person's death by performing an action such as giving lethal injection ("Euthanasia Definitions"). Passive euthanasia can be more painful because neglecting care for a terminal patient puts them through more suffering and pain than active euthanasia, which speeds up death and avoids pain and s... ...bout/newsday.htm>    Hendin, M.D. Herbert. "Scared to Death of Dying." American Foundation for Suicide Prevention 8 Dec. 2002    Hippocrates. "The Oath." The Oath. 16 Dec. 2002    Humphry, Derek. "Prisoner of Conscience." Who's Who and What's What 10 Dec. 2002    Larue, Gerald A. "Patients Should Decide." Opposing Viewpoints. Neal Bernards. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc 1989.    Moreland, J.P. Dr. "Active and Passive Euthanasia." Stand to Reason 10 Dec 2002    "Right to End Suffering Asserted." Facts on File News Services. 8 Dec 2002       "We can try to avoid making choices by doing nothing, but even that is a decision." -Gary Collins